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German–Soviet Axis talks

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German–Soviet Axis talks occurred in October and November 1940, nominally concerning the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s potential adherent as a fourth <a href="Axis_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis power">Axis power</a> during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> among other potential agreements. The negotiations, which occurred during the era of the <a href="Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, included a two-day conference in <a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> between Soviet Foreign Minister <a href="Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and German Foreign Minister <a href="Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>. While Ribbentrop and most of the German Foreign office wanted an alliance with the Soviet Union, Hitler (supported by most of the other leadership) had been planning to invade the Soviet Union. In early June 1940 as the <a href="Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> was still ongoing, Hitler reportedly told Lt. General <a href="Georg_von_Sodenstern" title="Georg von Sodenstern">Georg von Sodenstern</a> that the victories against the Allies had “finally freed his hands for his important real task: the showdown with Bolshevism."<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Ribbentrop nevertheless convinced Hitler to allow diplomatic overtures, with his own hope being for an alliance.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Ribbentrop and <a href="Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> had already speculated at the idea of offering the Soviet Union a free hand in a southern direction.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Ribbentrop's approach in general to foreign policy was different from Hitler's: he favored an alliance with the Soviet Union, while Hitler had wanted to pressure Britain into an alliance and pushing for "<a href="Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a>" (living space) in the east.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

After negotiations from 12 to 14 November 1940, Ribbentrop presented Molotov with a written draft for an Axis pact agreement that defined the world spheres of influence of the four proposed Axis powers (<a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> and the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>).<a href="#cite_note-nekrich201-5">[5]</a> Ribbentrop and Molotov tried to set German and Soviet spheres of influence. Hitler encouraged Molotov to look south to <a href="Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> and eventually <a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>, to preserve German access to <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>'s resources and to remove Soviet influence in the <a href="Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ww2db-6">[6]</a> Hitler however seemingly had no intention of allowing the Soviet Union into the Axis: in an internal memoranda Hitler stated: "Political conversations designed to clarify the attitude of Russia in the immediate future have been started. Regardless of the outcome of these conversations, all preparations for the East previously ordered orally are to be continued. [Written] directives on that will follow as soon as the basic elements of the army's plan for the operation have been submitted to me and approved by me." There was, in other words, no expectation by Hitler of a long-term agreement with Russia—war was intended. The Soviets approached the negotiations differently, anticipating a general agreement and willing to make huge economic concessions to secure it, and general terms which had been acceptable to the Germans just a year before. Hitler's stated objective was to test Soviet attitude concerning the period before he could launch <a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

Molotov remained firm and sought to remove German troops from Finland and gain a warm water port in the <a href="Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a>. Soviet foreign policy calculations were predicated on the idea that the war would be a long-term struggle and so German claims that the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> would be defeated swiftly were treated with skepticism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1954144-8">[8]</a> In addition, <a href="Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> sought to remain influential in <a href="Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. Those factors resulted in Molotov taking a firm line.<a href="#cite_note-ww2db-6">[6]</a>

According to a study by <a href="Alexander_Nekrich" title="Alexander Nekrich">Alexander Nekrich</a>, on 25 November 1940, the Soviets presented a Stalin-drafted written counterproposal accepting the four power pact but including Soviet rights to Bulgaria and a world sphere of influence, to be centred on the area around <a href="Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a> and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich203-9">[9]</a> Germany did not respond<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200657-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-nekrich204-11">[11]</a> and left the negotiations unresolved.

Regarding the counterproposal, Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin "demands more and more", "he's a cold-blooded blackmailer" and "a German victory has become unbearable for Russia" so that "she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible."<a href="#cite_note-shirer725-12">[12]</a> Hitler had already decided to invade the Soviet Union in July 1940,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> but this apparently accelerated the process. As early as 1935 Germany had proposed a joint alliance and invasion of the Soviet Union to Poland, but this was rejected by the Poles.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

Germany ended the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in June 1941 by <a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invading the Soviet Union</a>.

In the following years, the Soviet Information Bureau published a book titled <a href="Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a>, largely edited by Stalin himself, in which the Soviet premier claimed that he was simply testing his enemy. This became the official version of events that persisted in Soviet historiography up until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. According to Soviet diplomat Victor Israelyan, the book "certainly did nothing to disprove the existence of Soviet-German cooperation in the first years of World War II, a cooperation that to a certain degree assisted Hitler's plan".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_in_1939_and_1940">Relations in 1939 and 1940</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, <a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Credit_Agreement_(1939)" title="German–Soviet Credit Agreement (1939)">German–Soviet Credit Agreement (1939)</a>, and <a href="Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact_negotiations" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">Invasion of Poland (1939)</a> and <a href="Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></div>

During the summer of 1939, after it had conducted negotiations with a British-French alliance and with Germany regarding potential military and political agreements,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> the Soviet Union chose Germany, which resulted in an <a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Credit_Agreement_(1939)" title="German–Soviet Credit Agreement (1939)">August 19 German–Soviet Credit Agreement</a> providing for the trade of certain German military and civilian equipment in exchange for Soviet <a href="Raw_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw materials">raw materials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shirer668-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-ericson57-18">[18]</a> Four days later, the countries signed the <a href="Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, which contained secret protocols dividing the states of <a href="Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> and <a href="Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> into German and Soviet <a href="Spheres_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spheres of influence">spheres of influence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mrtext-19">[19]</a>

Just before the signing of the agreements, the parties had addressed past hostilities, with German Foreign Minister <a href="Joachim_Ribbentrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Joachim Ribbentrop">Joachim Ribbentrop</a> telling Soviet diplomats that "there was no problem between the Baltic and the Black Sea that could not be solved between the two of us".<a href="#cite_note-roberts30-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-fest589-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Diplomats from both countries addressed their common ground by stating "there is one common element in the ideology of Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union: opposition to the capitalist democracies",<a href="#cite_note-fest589-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> "neither we nor Italy have anything in common with the capitalist west" and "it seems to us rather unnatural that a socialist state would stand on the side of the western democracies".<a href="#cite_note-nekrich115-24">[24]</a>

A German official claimed that their prior hostility toward Soviet Bolshevism had subsided with the changes in the <a href="Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> and the Soviets' renunciation of a <a href="World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich115-24">[24]</a> A Soviet official characterised the conversation as "extremely important".<a href="#cite_note-nekrich115-24">[24]</a> At the signing, Ribbentrop and Stalin enjoyed warm conversations, exchanged toasts and further discussed their prior hostilities between the countries in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-shirer539-25">[25]</a>

As Ribbentrop left, Stalin took him aside and stated that the Soviet government took the new pact very seriously, and he would "guarantee his word of honor that the Soviet Union would not betray its partner".<a href="#cite_note-shirer540-26">[26]</a>

One week after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact had been signed, the partition of <a href="Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> started by the <a href="Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">German invasion</a> of western Poland.<a href="#cite_note-stalinswars82-27">[27]</a>

The Soviet Comintern suspended all anti-Nazi and antifascist propaganda by explaining the war in Europe to be a matter of capitalist states attacking each other for imperialist purposes.<a href="#cite_note-cohen110-28">[28]</a>

When anti-German demonstrations erupted in <a href="Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, the Comintern ordered the <a href="Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Czech Communist Party</a> to employ all of its strength to paralyze "chauvinist elements".<a href="#cite_note-cohen110-28">[28]</a> Moscow soon forced the <a href="French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> and the <a href="Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> to adopt an antiwar position.

Two weeks after the German invasion, the <a href="Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland</a> in co-ordination with German forces.<a href="#cite_note-stalinswars43-29">[29]</a> On September 21, the Soviets and the Germans signed a formal agreement coordinating military movements in Poland, including the "purging" of saboteurs.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A joint German–Soviet parade was held in <a href="Lviv" title="Lviv">L'vov</a> and <a href="Brest%2C_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nekrich131-31">[31]</a>

Stalin had decided in August that he was going to liquidate the Polish state, and a German–Soviet meeting in September addressed the future structure of the "Polish region".<a href="#cite_note-Nekrich131-31">[31]</a> The Soviets stated in September that they must enter Poland to "protect" their ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian brethren therein from Germany, but Molotov later admitted to German officials that the excuse had been necessary because the Soviets could find no other pretext for their invasion.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich129-32">[32]</a>

Three of the <a href="Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic States</a> described by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (<a href="Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>) were given no choice but to sign a "Pact of Defence and Mutual Assistance", which permitted the Soviet Union to station troops in them.<a href="#cite_note-wettig20-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_raw_materials_and_military_trading">Expansion of raw materials and military trading</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_economic_relations_(1934%E2%80%931941)" title="German–Soviet economic relations (1934–1941)">German–Soviet economic relations (1934–1941)</a> and <a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Commercial_Agreement_(1940)" title="German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)">German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)</a></div>

Hitler's pressing for a German invasion of Poland in 1939 placed tremendous strain on the German war machine, which had been gradually gearing up for <a href="Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> only in 1942 or 1943.<a href="#cite_note-ericson63-34">[34]</a> Germany's lack of raw materials meant that it had to seek increased supply from outside.<a href="#cite_note-ericson63-34">[34]</a> However, a British blockade occurred, which left it increasingly desperate for materials.<a href="#cite_note-ericson63-34">[34]</a> The only country that could still supply Germany with the oil, rubber, manganese, grains, fats and platinum that it needed was the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-ericson63-34">[34]</a> Meanwhile, the Soviets' demands for manufactured goods, such as German machines, were increasing, and their ability to import those goods from outside decreased when many countries ceased trading relations after the Soviets had joined the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.<a href="#cite_note-ericson66-35">[35]</a>

Accordingly, Germany and the Soviet Union entered an <a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Commercial_Agreement_(1940)" title="German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)">intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940</a>, which was over four times larger than the <a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Commercial_Agreement_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1939)">one that both countries had signed in August 1939</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shirer668-17">[17]</a> The new trade pact helped Germany to circumvent the British blockade.<a href="#cite_note-shirer668-17">[17]</a>

In the first year, Germany received hundreds of thousands of tons of cereals, oil and other vital raw materials, which were transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories.<a href="#cite_note-shirer668-17">[17]</a> In addition, the Soviets provided Germany with access to the <a href="Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a> for both cargo ships and raiders (though only the <a href="German_auxiliary_cruiser_Komet" title="German auxiliary cruiser Komet">raider Komet</a> had used the route before June 1941). This forced Britain to protect sea lanes in both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deterioration_of_relations_in_mid-1940">Deterioration of relations in mid-1940</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland,_Baltics_and_Romania">Finland, Baltics and Romania</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, <a href="Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a>, and <a href="June_1940_Soviet_Ultimatum" class="mw-redirect" title="June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum">June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum</a></div>

In November 1939, the <a href="Winter_War" title="Winter War">Soviet Union invaded Finland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ckpipe-37">[37]</a> resulting in stiff losses and the entry of an <a href="Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">interim peace treaty</a> in March 1940 that granted to the Soviet Union parts of <a href="Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> and <a href="Salla" title="Salla">Salla</a> (9% of Finnish territory).<a href="#cite_note-ckpipe-37">[37]</a> In mid-June 1940, while international attention was focused on the <a href="Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">German invasion of France</a>, <a href="Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts</a> in <a href="History_of_Lithuania#First_Soviet_occupation" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="Estonia_in_World_War_II#Soviet_occupation" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia</a> and <a href="Latvia#Latvia_in_World_War_II" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><a href="#cite_note-wettig20-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-senn-38">[38]</a> and replaced each government with pro-Soviet politicians, who then requested entry for their respective countries to the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-wettig20-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In June, the <a href="June_1940_Soviet_Ultimatum" class="mw-redirect" title="June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum">Soviets issued an ultimatum demanding</a> <a href="Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> and <a href="Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> from <a href="Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stalinswars55-40">[40]</a> After the Soviets had agreed with Germany that they would limit their claims in Bukovina to <a href="Northern_Bukovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Bukovina">Northern Bukovina</a>, Germany urged Romania to accept the ultimatum.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich181-41">[41]</a> Two days after the Soviet entry, Romania acceded to the Soviet demands, and the <a href="Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet Union occupied the demanded territories</a> and also the <a href="Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa region</a>, which had not been included in the ultimatum.<a href="#cite_note-stalinswars55-40">[40]</a>

The Soviet invasion of Finland, which had been covertly ceded to it under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact's secret protocols, created domestic problems for Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-philbin71-42">[42]</a> The German populace did not know about the secret protocols that divided up spheres of influence.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich181-41">[41]</a> Many Germans opposed the Soviet invasion, and Finland had close ties with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-philbin71-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-shirer665-43">[43]</a> Hitler had to deflect opposition to Germany's pro-Soviet policies from even <a href="Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> stalwarts.<a href="#cite_note-philbin71-42">[42]</a> Supporting the Soviet invasion became one of the most ideologically and politically difficult aspects of the pact for the German government to justify.<a href="#cite_note-philbin129-44">[44]</a>

The secret protocols caused Hitler to be in the humiliating position of being forced to evacuate ethnic German families, the <a href="Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a>, in a hurry although they had lived in Finland and the Baltic countries for centuries, all the while to condone the invasions officially.<a href="#cite_note-shirer665-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-ericson134-45">[45]</a> When the three Baltic countries, which did not know about the secret protocols, sent letters protesting the Soviet invasions to Berlin, Ribbentrop returned them.<a href="#cite_note-shirer794-46">[46]</a>

In August, Molotov told the Germans that with the government change, they could close down their Baltic consulates by September 1.<a href="#cite_note-shirer794-46">[46]</a> The Soviet annexations in Romania caused further strain.<a href="#cite_note-shirer794-46">[46]</a> Germany had given Bessarabia to the Soviets in the secret protocols but not Bukovina.<a href="#cite_note-shirer794-46">[46]</a> Germany wanted the 100,000 tons of grain for which they had previously contracted with Bessarabia, guarantees of German property safety, guarantees for 125,000 Volksdeutsche in Bessarabia and Bukovina and the reassurance that the train tracks carrying Romanian oil would be left alone.<a href="#cite_note-ericson134-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_German_raw_material_dependence">Increasing German raw material dependence</h3></div>

In the summer of 1940, Germany grew even more dependent on Soviet imports.<a href="#cite_note-ericson127-47">[47]</a> German occupations of <a href="Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a>, the <a href="Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> created additional demand and decreased avenues for indirect supply.<a href="#cite_note-ericson127-47">[47]</a> Compared to 1938 figures, the expanded Greater Germany and its sphere of influence lacked, among other items, 500,000 tons of manganese, 3.3 million tons of raw phosphate, 200,000 tons of rubber and 9.5 million tons of oil.<a href="#cite_note-ericson127-47">[47]</a> Meanwhile, the Baltic invasions resulted in the Soviet occupation of states on which Germany had relied for 96.7 million Reichsmarks of imports in 1938<a href="#cite_note-hehn212-48">[48]</a> at blackmailed favorable economic terms but from which they now had to pay Soviet prices.<a href="#cite_note-ericson134-45">[45]</a> No concrete plans had yet been made, but Hitler told one of his generals in June that the victories in Western Europe "finally freed his hands for his important real task: the showdown with Bolshevism".<a href="#cite_note-ericson129-49">[49]</a> In addition, Hitler increasingly believed the eventual invasion of the Soviet Union to appear the only way for Germany to solve that resource crisis.<a href="#cite_note-ericson127-47">[47]</a> However, German generals told Hitler that occupying Western Russia would create "more of a drain than a relief for Germany's economic situation".<a href="#cite_note-ericson138-50">[50]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspension_of_Soviet_raw_materials_to_Germany">Suspension of Soviet raw materials to Germany</h3></div>

In August 1940, the Soviet Union briefly suspended its deliveries under their <a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Commercial_Agreement_(1940)" title="German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)">commercial agreement</a> after relations were strained following a disagreement over policy in Romania, the <a href="Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, Germany's falling behind in its deliveries of goods under the pact, and Stalin's concern that Hitler's war with the West might end quickly after <a href="Armistice_with_France_(Second_Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)">France had signed an armistice</a>. The suspension created significant resource problems for Germany.<a href="#cite_note-philbin4859-51">[51]</a>

By late August, relations improved again as the countries had redrawn the Hungarian and Romanian borders and settled some Bulgarian claims, and Stalin was again convinced that Germany would face a long war in the west with Britain's improvement in its <a href="Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">air battle against Germany</a> and the execution of an <a href="Destroyers_for_Bases_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers for Bases Agreement">agreement between the United States and Britain regarding destroyers and bases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-philbin60-52">[52]</a>

However, in late August, Germany arranged its own <a href="Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">annexation of part of Romania</a>, which targeted oil fields. The move raised tensions with the Soviets, who responded that Germany was supposed to have consulted with the Soviet Union under Article III of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.<a href="#cite_note-shirer720-53">[53]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tripartite_Pact">Tripartite Pact</h2></div>

Before entering a deal with <a href="Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italy</a> and <a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, German officials had discussed the feasibility of including the Soviet Union as a fourth member to direct Soviet focus southward, to the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf, both of which were in the British sphere of influence. German officials indicated that they would be willing to give the Soviet Union freedom to operate east of the <a href="Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich196-54">[54]</a>

Just before the signing of the agreement, Germany informed Molotov that it would enter the pact and that while it was not explicitly stated, the pact was effectively directed against "American warmongers" by demonstrating to them the folly of war with three great powers aligned against them.<a href="#cite_note-shirer721-55">[55]</a> Moscow had actually been aware of the proposed pact terms from Soviet intelligence sources in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich196-54">[54]</a>

On September 27, 1940, Germany, Italy and Japan signed the <a href="Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>, which divided the world into spheres of influence and was implicitly directed at the United States. The pact contained an explicit provision (Article 5) that stated it did not concern relations with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich196-54">[54]</a> Molotov, worried that the pact contained a secret codicil pertaining specifically to the Soviet Union, attempted to extract information from the Japanese ambassador in Moscow, Togo.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich197-56">[56]</a>

On a home visit, the German military attaché to the Soviet Union, Ernst Köstring, stated on October 31 that "the impression is steadily growing in me that the Russians want to avoid any conflict with us".<a href="#cite_note-nekrich197-56">[56]</a>

Meanwhile, from August to October, Germany conducted a massive <a href="Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">air campaign against Britain</a> to prepare for <a href="Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Operation Sea Lion</a>, the plan to invade Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Nekrich192-57">[57]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_or_a_higher-level_pact">War or a higher-level pact</h2></div>

German ambassador to Moscow, <a href="Friedrich_Werner_von_der_Schulenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg">Friedrich von der Schulenburg</a>, had been contemplating a potential four-power pact since the <a href="Armistice_with_France_(Second_Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)">collapse of France</a> in June.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky67-58">[58]</a> After he had covertly learned about Hitler's potential Soviet invasion plans, which he and Ribbentrop opposed, von der Schulenburg and others began attempting to sway Hitler and his contingent at least extend to their agreement as long as Russia's claims remained in the areas of Turkey and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky68-59">[59]</a> He even concealed in his reports to Berlin the Soviets' doubts on Germany's good faith after the annexations in Romania.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky68-59">[59]</a>

Köstring, von der Schulenburg and others drafted a memorandum on the dangers of a German invasion of the Soviet Union that included that Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic States would end up being only a further economic burden for Germany.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky69-60">[60]</a> German Foreign Office State Secretary <a href="Ernst_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Ernst von Weizsäcker">Ernst von Weizsäcker</a> argued that the Soviets in their current bureaucratic form were harmless, the occupation would not produce a gain for Germany and "why should it not stew next to us in its damp Bolshevism?"<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky69-60">[60]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stalin–Ribbentrop_exchange_in_October">Stalin–Ribbentrop exchange in October</h2></div>

In October 1940, Stalin requested that Molotov be permitted to discuss with Hitler the countries' future relations.<a href="#cite_note-shirer722-61">[61]</a> Ribbentrop responded to Stalin in a letter that "in the opinion of the Führer... it appears to be the historical mission of the Four Powers — the Soviet Union, Italy, Japan and Germany — to adopt a long-range policy and to direct the future development of their peoples into the right channels by <a href="National_boundary_delimitation" title="National boundary delimitation">delimitation</a> of their interests in a worldwide scale".<a href="#cite_note-philbin49-62">[62]</a>

The delivery of Ribbentrop's letter was delayed to Stalin. That resulted, after earlier press stories, in the ideas no longer seeming "fresh", which caused Ribbentrop to lash out at the personnel of German embassy in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-shirer722-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky71-63">[63]</a> Delivering the letter, von Schulenburg stated that the Berlin conference would be a preliminary meeting preceding a convening of the four powers.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky71-63">[63]</a>

Stalin was visibly pleased by the invitation for talks in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky72-64">[64]</a> Stalin wrote a letter responding to Ribbentrop on entering an agreement regarding a "permanent basis" for their "mutual interests".<a href="#cite_note-stalinswars58-65">[65]</a>

On November 6, Köstring wrote that "since Göring has now put our military deliveries in balance with the Russian deliveries, one may hope that the negotiations will end in peace and friendship".<a href="#cite_note-nekrich197-56">[56]</a> During the first two weeks in November, German and Soviet economic negotiators in Moscow enjoyed moderate success.<a href="#cite_note-ericson143-66">[66]</a> German military-economic negotiators had hoped for success in the negotiations, in part because they felt that it would strengthen their arguments against Hitler's policy, which was increasingly anti-Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-ericson144-67">[67]</a>

On November 1, the head of the Army General Staff, <a href="Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a>, noted that Molotov would have accepted the invitation to Berlin, he believed this to be an attempt by Hitler to bring "Russia into an anti-British front".<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> After <a href="1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidential election</a> four days later after he had promised that there would be no foreign wars if he was elected, <a href="Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> noted that "after his statement, Roosevelt will hardly be able to enter the war in an active capacity".<a href="#cite_note-berthon44-69">[69]</a> Meeting with <a href="Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, Ribbentrop explained the German view of the meetings that the acid test would be the Soviets' stand on the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky69-60">[60]</a> With the Balkans and the Bosporus a potential "dangerous overlapping of interests" if the Soviets backed away from it, it would be a peaceful and even a preferable alternative to an invasion.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky69-60">[60]</a>

Hitler revealed to Mussolini that he did not expect to accommodate the Soviets beyond forcing Turkey to yield to some guarantees on the Bosporus.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky69-60">[60]</a> Also, he did not want Stalin taking a Romanian entry point to the Bosporus and stated that "one Romanian bird in the hand is worth more than two Russians in the bush".<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky71-63">[63]</a> However, Hitler stated that he was skeptical because he believed that Stalin was obsessed with the Danube and Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky71-63">[63]</a> Germany was aware that the Soviet Union had attempted to extend guarantees to Bulgaria to become its ally and that Bulgaria had turned it down.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky74-70">[70]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molotov_travels_to_Berlin">Molotov travels to Berlin</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November_12">November 12</h3></div>

Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact.<a href="#cite_note-brackman341-71">[71]</a> Molotov spent much of the trip to Berlin searching his rail car for listening devices.<a href="#cite_note-murray111-72">[72]</a> Molotov's train arrived at 11:05 a.m. on November 12.<a href="#cite_note-berthon45-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-shirer723-74">[74]</a> It was a bad omen for success that von Schulenburg, the architect of the meeting, was excluded.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky69-60">[60]</a> Molotov was greeted by Ribbentrop at the train station decorated with Soviet and German flags above a large basket of flowers, with an orchestra playing <a href="The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a> in Germany for the first time since 1933.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky73-75">[75]</a> After a brief breakfast, the talks started immediately that day at the Schloss Bellevue Hotel.<a href="#cite_note-berthon45-73">[73]</a> After the <a href="Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, a Moscow journal published certain selected correspondence revealing that Stalin was closely supervising Molotov's talks via telegram, but some of those telegrams remain unpublished.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>

At the outset, Ribbentrop stated, "England is beaten and it is only a question of time when she will admit her defeat.... The beginning of the end has now arrived for the British empire."<a href="#cite_note-shirer723-74">[74]</a> He further stated that "the entry of the United States into the war is of no consequence at all for Germany. Germany and Italy will never again allow an Anglo-Saxon to land on the European Continent.... This is no military problem at all.... The Axis Powers are, therefore, not considering how they can win the war, but rather how rapidly they can end the war which is already won".<a href="#cite_note-shirer723-74">[74]</a> He further stated that Germany and the Soviet Union had together "done some good business".<a href="#cite_note-shirer723-74">[74]</a>

Accordingly, Ribbentrop concluded that the time had come for the four powers (Germany, the Soviet Union, Italy and Japan) to define their "spheres of interest".<a href="#cite_note-shirer723-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-brackman342-77">[77]</a> He stated that Hitler had concluded that all four countries would naturally expand "in a southerly direction".<a href="#cite_note-shirer723-74">[74]</a> Ribbentrop said that he wondered if the Soviets might turn southward toward the sea, and Molotov inquired, "Which sea?" Ribbentrop stated that "in the long run the most advantageous access to the sea for Russia could be found in the direction of the <a href="Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and the <a href="Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>".<a href="#cite_note-shirer723-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-brackman342-77">[77]</a>

Regarding the division of the world into four spheres of influence, Molotov stated the new idea was "very interesting" and worthy of a discussion in Moscow with Ribbentrop participating.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich199-78">[78]</a> Stalin became annoyed with a telegram to him from Molotov stating that the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was "exhausted" with the exception of the Finnish issue, with Stalin stating that any future agreements would be added to it merely because it served as a fundamental basis for German–Soviet relations.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich199-78">[78]</a>

In the afternoon, Molotov visited Hitler at the <a href="Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-berthon45-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-shirer723-74">[74]</a> Hitler also spoke of striking that "final blow against England" and stated that "it is time to think about division of the world after our victory".<a href="#cite_note-berthon45-73">[73]</a> Regarding the "problem of America", according to Shirer, he stated that it could not "endanger the freedom of other nations before 1970 or 1980".<a href="#cite_note-shirer723-74">[74]</a> Hitler and Molotov agreed that the United States had no business in Europe, Africa or Asia.<a href="#cite_note-shirer723-74">[74]</a> Hitler stated that there were no fundamental differences between the two countries in their pursuit of aspiring for "access to the ocean".<a href="#cite_note-shirer723-74">[74]</a> Molotov expressed his agreement with Hitler about the role of America and Britain and about Soviet participation in the Axis pact in principle but only if the Soviets could participate as an active partner.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich199-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-weinberg200-79">[79]</a> The same day, Germany also postponed until the following year its <a href="Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">plans to invade Britain</a> because of its failures in the <a href="Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">air campaign against Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nekrich192-57">[57]</a>

Molotov agreed with Hitler that there were no unresolved problems between the countries except on Finland.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich199-78">[78]</a> When Molotov returned to his hotel, he stated that he was "relieved at Hitler's amiability".<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky74-70">[70]</a> In a telegram to Molotov that night, Stalin insisted that the security of the Soviet Union cannot be ensured "without securing tranquility in the area of the Straits" in reference the Bosporus Straits for entry into the <a href="Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich201-5">[5]</a> That was linked directly with the Soviet–Bulgarian agreement for passage of Soviet troops for "the defense of entry into the Black Sea".<a href="#cite_note-nekrich201-5">[5]</a> Stalin added that "this question still bears current importance and does not allow any procrastination".<a href="#cite_note-nekrich201-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November_13">November 13</h3></div>

Molotov and Hitler resumed their discussions the next morning.<a href="#cite_note-shirer724-80">[80]</a> Molotov demanded to know why German troops occupied Finland, and Hitler replied that they were travelling through Finland to Norway and wondered whether the Soviets intended to go to war over Finland.<a href="#cite_note-shirer724-80">[80]</a> While Hitler agreed that Finland was within the Soviets' sphere of influence, he also stressed that Germany had a legitimate wartime interest in Finland's nickel and wood supply and that any new conflict in the Baltics would lead to a severe strain in relations.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich199-78">[78]</a> Molotov concluded that nothing good could come from further talks about Finland and stated that he saw no signs of any resumption of a Soviet–Finnish conflict.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich200-81">[81]</a> According to Hitler, however, Molotov stated, "Russia felt herself again endangered by Finland, Russia should be able to liquidate Finland", which for him "was the first question which I found difficult to answer. But I could not do otherwise than refuse this".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>

Molotov conveyed Stalin's interest in reviewing the status of the <a href="Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> and pressed for a guarantee for Bulgaria, at least in principle.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich200-81">[81]</a> Molotov later noted that Hitler became "markedly agitated" at the request to revoke guarantees to Romania.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky74-70">[70]</a> Molotov stated Stalin's wish to grant a guarantee to Bulgaria similar to the one that Germany and Italy had granted to Romania.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky74-70">[70]</a> Hitler pointed out that the Soviets had entered <a href="Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> in Romania, which went beyond the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.<a href="#cite_note-berthon47-83">[83]</a> Hitler stated the parties had made a prior oral agreement that the former Austrian territories, such as the Balkan states within the <a href="Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, were to fall within the German sphere of influence.<a href="#cite_note-brackman342-77">[77]</a> Hitler pointed out that a primary goal of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was to restore the countries' old empires.<a href="#cite_note-brackman342-77">[77]</a> Stalin, still hoping to get a draft agreement, was monitoring the conversations by telegram and sent a telegram to Molotov to remind Hitler of the importance of securing the Bosporus that explained the events of the <a href="Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky74-70">[70]</a> Hitler stated that he could not make decisions regarding Bulgaria until he had conversed with Italian leader <a href="Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich200-81">[81]</a>

Hitler changed the subject to the larger matter of the opportunities available after the conquest of England.<a href="#cite_note-brackman342-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-shirer724-80">[80]</a> Hitler told Molotov that:<a href="#cite_note-shirer725-12">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">After the conquest of England, the British Empire would be apportioned as a gigantic world-wide estate in bankruptcy of forty million square kilometres. In this bankrupt estate there would be for Russia access to the ice-free and really open ocean. Thus far, a minority of forty-five million Englishmen had ruled six hundred million inhabitants of the British Empire. He was about to crush this minority.... Under these circumstances there arose world-wide perspectives.... All the countries which could possibly be interested in the bankrupt estate would have to stop all controversies among themselves and concern themselves exclusively with the partition of the British Empire. This applied to Germany, France, Italy, Russia and Japan.</blockquote>

Molotov told Hitler that "the time has now come to discuss a broader agreement between the USSR and Germany", but the Soviet government first wanted to know the precise meaning of "the New Order in Europe" regarding the participating countries and the ultimate aims of the pact.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich200-81">[81]</a> Molotov then was scheduled to meet with Ribbentrop that afternoon.

A telegram that Molotov sent to Stalin on the meeting with Hitler underscored, "Hitler's great interest in reaching an agreement and strengthening friendly relations with the USSR with respect to spheres of influence."<a href="#cite_note-nekrich200-81">[81]</a> Molotov stated that his talk with neither Hitler nor Ribbentrop produced the desired results, as the issues with Turkey and the Balkans had not been addressed.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich201-5">[5]</a>

Because of British aerial bombardment, Ribbentrop and Molotov conducted talks that night in an air-raid shelter.<a href="#cite_note-shirer726-84">[84]</a> Ribbentrop reiterated that the chief goals were to define the four powers' interests and to reach an agreement with Turkey on the Bosporus issue.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich201-5">[5]</a> Ribbentrop proposed several parallel steps the parties should then take such as Molotov discussing the issues raised in Berlin with Stalin while Ribbentrop discussed them with Japan.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich201-5">[5]</a> Germany, Italy and the USSR would also pressure Turkey to acquiesce to Soviet demands on the Bosporus.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich200-81">[81]</a> Thereafter, the parties would negotiate and draft confidential documents bearing in mind that the final accord would be a Soviet entry into the Axis.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich201-5">[5]</a> What Molotov did not know was that the very night, Hitler issued secret "Instruction No. 18", directing his forces to continue to prepare for war in the east "irrespective of the results yielded by these discussions".<a href="#cite_note-weeks74-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-overy489-86">[86]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_proposed_draft_agreement">German proposed draft agreement</h3></div>

Ribbentrop gave Molotov a draft agreement in the air-raid shelter with two parts.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich201-5">[5]</a> As had become the practice between the parties, one part was of the agreement that would eventually be made public, and the other contained the secret agreement.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich201-5">[5]</a> The public portion contained an agreement with a ten-year duration whereby the parties would respect each other's natural spheres of interest, and Germany, Italy and Japan would affirm their recognition of existing Soviet borders.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich201-5">[5]</a>

The draft of the secret agreement included the obligation not to join any alliance directed at the four signatories and to assist each other in economic matters.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich201-5">[5]</a> The secret agreement contained a protocol defining the territorial objectives of the four signatories, with Germany laying claims to Central Africa, Italy in North and Northeast Africa, Japan in Southeast Asia and the Soviet zone to the ”center south of the national territory of the Soviet Union in the direction of the Indian Ocean.”<a href="#cite_note-shirer726-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-nekrich202-87">[87]</a> A second secret protocol provided that Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union would "liberate" Turkey from its international obligations with Britain to guarantee its borders.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich202-87">[87]</a>

Molotov stated that the Soviet Union was concerned with several European issues, such as <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and Bulgaria, but also the fates of <a href="Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, Romania, Yugoslavia and <a href="Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shirer726-84">[84]</a> In addition, the Soviets were also interested in the question of Swedish neutrality and the passage from the Baltic Sea.<a href="#cite_note-shirer726-84">[84]</a> Molotov also cuttingly remarked that if England's fate was sealed, why they were talking in an air raid shelter.<a href="#cite_note-shirer726-84">[84]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_to_Molotov_trip">Reaction to Molotov trip</h3></div>

The news that Molotov held talks in Berlin initially stunned world media, with the British press endeavouring to determine whether the Soviets were preparing to join the Axis pact.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich202-87">[87]</a> When Molotov returned, he noted that the meeting produced "nothing to boast about" and that Ribbentrop's projected trip to Moscow was no longer mentioned but that the German draft proposal led to a complacent rather than crisis approach of continuing negotiations through "diplomatic channels".<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky75-88">[88]</a> The pro-"Continental Bloc" Germans in Ribbentrop's entourage expected that Stalin would eventually yield, given the weakness of the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky75-88">[88]</a> Weizsäcker commented that "we can continue for a long time" and that "war with Russia is impossible as long as we are busy with England, and afterwards it will be unnecessary".<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky75-88">[88]</a> On November 14, Köstring reiterated his conviction that the Soviets indeed had no aggressive designs. On the contrary, "Molotov's trip (to Berlin) is for me just further proof of an idea that I have long held namely, that the Soviet Union wants to have peace with us, since it cannot expect any advantage from a conflict with us... The decisive factor in [evoking] the Soviet desire for peace is and remains the demonstrated strength of our army".<a href="#cite_note-nekrich197-56">[56]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bulgarian_pressure_and_a_surprise">Bulgarian pressure and a surprise</h2></div>

Hitler had already issued a secret directive on the eventual attempts to invade the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich202-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-stalinswars59-89">[89]</a> He had not yet abandoned the possibility of other political outcomes and still talked of a "great worldwide coalition that stretched from Yokohama to Spain", but he had resolved to not give up the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky77-90">[90]</a>

Meanwhile, the Soviets immediately summoned the Bulgarian ambassador to the Foreign Ministry and stated that the Soviets needed to do a deal with the Bulgarians before they joined the Axis and that Germany was attempting to make them a puppet state.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky77-90">[90]</a> The Bulgarians turned down the offer and leaked it to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky77-90">[90]</a> Hitler still hoped to dissuade Stalin from giving guarantees to Bulgaria if the <a href="Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> issue could be solved, and he pressed the Bulgarian ambassador that the Soviets could be persuaded against resistance if the Bulgarians joined the pact, and he warned about the horrors of Soviet occupation.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky77-90">[90]</a>

The Soviets had meanwhile produced the biggest surprise. In an unannounced November 25 visit in Sofia, the Soviets told Bulgarian Prime Minister <a href="Bogdan_Filov" title="Bogdan Filov">Bogdan Filov</a> that if Bulgaria permitted transfer access to Soviet troops, the Soviets were prepared to drop their objections to Bulgaria's entry into the Axis, and most surprisingly, the Soviets stated that it likely would not be an issue, as it would "very probably, almost certainly" lead to the Soviets' own entry into the Axis.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky80-91">[91]</a> The stunned Filov stated that it required further contemplation.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky80-91">[91]</a> The Soviet negotiators had concluded that the Bulgarian government "is already committed to Germany to the hilt".<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky80-91">[91]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_counterproposal_agreement">Soviet counterproposal agreement</h2></div>

Stalin told the head of the Comintern, the Bulgarian <a href="Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a>, that Germany wanted Italy in the Balkans, but in the final analysis, it had no choice but to recognise Soviet interests in maintaining Black Sea access and to assure that the Bosporus would not be used against them.<a href="#cite_note-gorodetsky80-91">[91]</a>

Stalin directed Molotov to draft a new pact with a much greater scope, including the division of Europe, Asia and Africa among the four powers.<a href="#cite_note-lukacs65-92">[92]</a> On November 25, the same day as the surprise statement of Soviet nonresistance to Bulgaria's joining the Axis and a potential Soviet joining of the pact,<a href="#cite_note-weinberg201-93">[93]</a> the Soviets offered a counterproposal to Ribbentrop's draft agreement.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich202-87">[87]</a> It began, "The Soviet government is prepared to accept the draft of the Pact of Four Powers on political cooperation and economic mutual assistance".<a href="#cite_note-nekrich202-87">[87]</a> Instead of two secret protocols, Stalin proposed five:

<ol><li>German troops would depart Finland in exchange for a Soviet guarantee of continued nickel and wood shipments and peace with Finland;</li>

<li>A mutual assistance pact to be signed with Bulgaria in the next few months that would permit Soviet bases;</li>

<li>The centre of Soviet territorial domination would be south of <a href="Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> and <a href="Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> (ports now in <a href="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, south of which are <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>);</li>

<li>Japanese renunciation of rights to northern <a href="Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>, oil and coal concessions in exchange as a compensation;</li>

<li>An affirmation that the Soviet-Bulgaria mutual assistance treaty was a political necessity.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich203-9">[9]</a></li></ol>

The proposals came concurrently with massively-increased economic offers.<a href="#cite_note-weinberg201-93">[93]</a> The Soviets promised by May 11, 1941, the delivery of 2.5 million tons of grain, 1 million tons above their current obligations.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich203-9">[9]</a> They also promised full compensation for <a href="Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a> property claims.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich203-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_reaction">German reaction</h2></div>

German negotiator Karl Schnurre, who could not conceal his delight over the offer, immediately telegrammed Berlin that "in view of the present status of the negotiations here, Molotov's statements today must be viewed as a surprising indication of goodwill on the part of the Soviet Government. Molotov's proposal regarding compensation for property claims in the Baltic states considerably exceeds our expectations".<a href="#cite_note-nekrich203-9">[9]</a>

Hitler, however, saw the Soviet territorial ambitions in the Balkans as a challenge to German interests and saw the plan as effectively making Bulgaria into an adjunct of the Axis Pact.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich204-11">[11]</a> On several occasions, Molotov asked German officials for their response to Moscow's counterproposals, but Germany never answered them.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich204-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-lukacs65-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Germany's refusal to respond to the counterproposal worsened relations between the countries.<a href="#cite_note-ericson146-96">[96]</a> Regarding the counterproposal, Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin "demands more and more", "he's a cold-blooded blackmailer" and "a German victory has become unbearable for Russia" so that "she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible".<a href="#cite_note-shirer725-12">[12]</a> Although Hitler already wished to invade the Soviet Union, he evidently wanted to accelerate it now.

On December 5, Hitler received military plans for the possible invasion and approved them all, with a schedule to begin in May 1941.<a href="#cite_note-overy489-86">[86]</a> On December 18, 1940, Hitler signed <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_Directive_21" class="extiw external" title="s:Führer Directive 21">Führer Directive No. 21</a> to the German high command for an operation, now codenamed <a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, stating: "The German Wehrmacht must be prepared to crush Soviet Russia in a quick campaign".<a href="#cite_note-overy489-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-brackman344-97">[97]</a> The date for the invasion was set for May 15, 1941.<a href="#cite_note-brackman344-97">[97]</a> On the other side of the border, Stalin had anticipated an eventual war against Germany. Speaking to his generals in December, Stalin referenced Hitler's references to a Soviet attack in <a href="Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> and stated that they must always be ready to repulse a German attack, that Hitler thought that the <a href="Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> would require four years to ready itself and so "we must be ready much earlier" and that "we will try to delay the war for another two years."<a href="#cite_note-berthon47-83">[83]</a>

On January 17, 1941, seven days after the <a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Border_and_Commercial_Agreement" title="German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement">German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement</a>, Molotov asked German officials whether the parties could then work out an agreement for entry to the Axis Pact.<a href="#cite_note-murray111-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-weinberg202-98">[98]</a> Molotov expressed astonishment at the absence of any answer to the Soviets' November 25 offer to join the pact<a href="#cite_note-weinberg202-98">[98]</a> and never received an answer.<a href="#cite_note-weinberg202-98">[98]</a> On March 1, 1941, Bulgaria joined the Axis, which further unsettled Stalin after Germany had continued to ignore Stalin's November 25, 1940, Axis entry proposal.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> After six months of preparations, Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, which ended any hope of Ribbentrop of the Soviets for the proposed alliance.

Von der Schulenburg was executed as one of the conspirators in the <a href="20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">July 20, 1944, plot to assassinate Hitler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar_Soviet_reactions:_Falsifiers_of_History">Postwar Soviet reactions: Falsifiers of History</h2></div>

In 1948, one month after Nazi government foreign ministry documents describing the negotiations had been publicly released by the United States, the Soviet Foreign Information Bureau wrote a response in a book, <a href="Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a>.<a href="#cite_note-henig67-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> After receiving translations of the newly released documents, Stalin personally edited, struck and rewrote by hand entire sections of drafts he had been given of Falsifiers before the book's release in February 1948.<a href="#cite_note-roberts98-103">[103]</a>

In Falsifiers, Stalin claimed that he was merely "probing out" Germany in Axis negotiations and to have outright rejected Hitler's proposal to share a division of the world.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich202-87">[87]</a> That version persisted without exception in all historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until 1990.<a href="#cite_note-nekrich202-87">[87]</a> According to his daughter, <a href="Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana Alliluyeva</a> she "remembered her father saying after [the war]: Together with the Germans we would have been invincible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukacs2006160-104">[104]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism</a></li>

<li><a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Boundary_and_Friendship_Treaty" title="German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty">German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li>

<li><a href="Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans controversy</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-hehn212-48"><a href="#cite_ref-hehn212_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHehn2005">Hehn 2005</a>, p. 212

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ericson129-49"><a href="#cite_ref-ericson129_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEricson1999">Ericson 1999</a>, pp. 129–130

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ericson138-50"><a href="#cite_ref-ericson138_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEricson1999">Ericson 1999</a>, p. 138

</li>

<li id="cite_note-philbin4859-51"><a href="#cite_ref-philbin4859_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilbin_III1994">Philbin III 1994</a>, p. 48 & 59

</li>

<li id="cite_note-philbin60-52"><a href="#cite_ref-philbin60_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilbin_III1994">Philbin III 1994</a>, p. 60

</li>

<li id="cite_note-shirer720-53"><a href="#cite_ref-shirer720_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 720

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nekrich196-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich196_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich196_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich196_54-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNekrichUlamFreeze1997">Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997</a>, p. 196

</li>

<li id="cite_note-shirer721-55"><a href="#cite_ref-shirer721_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 721

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nekrich197-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich197_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich197_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich197_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich197_56-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFNekrichUlamFreeze1997">Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997</a>, p. 197

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Nekrich192-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nekrich192_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nekrich192_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNekrichUlamFreeze1997">Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997</a>, p. 192

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gorodetsky67-58"><a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky67_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorodetsky2001">Gorodetsky 2001</a>, p. 67

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gorodetsky68-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky68_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky68_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorodetsky2001">Gorodetsky 2001</a>, p. 68

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gorodetsky69-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky69_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky69_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky69_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky69_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky69_60-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky69_60-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorodetsky2001">Gorodetsky 2001</a>, pp. 69–70

</li>

<li id="cite_note-shirer722-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shirer722_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer722_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 722

</li>

<li id="cite_note-philbin49-62"><a href="#cite_ref-philbin49_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilbin_III1994">Philbin III 1994</a>, pp. 49–50

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gorodetsky71-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky71_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky71_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky71_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky71_63-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorodetsky2001">Gorodetsky 2001</a>, p. 71

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gorodetsky72-64"><a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky72_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorodetsky2001">Gorodetsky 2001</a>, p. 72

</li>

<li id="cite_note-stalinswars58-65"><a href="#cite_ref-stalinswars58_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2006">Roberts 2006</a>, p. 58

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ericson143-66"><a href="#cite_ref-ericson143_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEricson1999">Ericson 1999</a>, p. 143

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ericson144-67"><a href="#cite_ref-ericson144_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEricson1999">Ericson 1999</a>, p. 144

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEvidence_Division1947" class="citation web cs1">Evidence Division, Office of Chief of Counsel for War Crimes (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HalderWarJournal/page/n323/mode/2up?q=anti+british+front">"Halder War Journal (Halder War Diary)"</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-berthon44-69"><a href="#cite_ref-berthon44_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerthonPotts2007">Berthon & Potts 2007</a>, p. 44

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gorodetsky74-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky74_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky74_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky74_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky74_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky74_70-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorodetsky2001">Gorodetsky 2001</a>, p. 74

</li>

<li id="cite_note-brackman341-71"><a href="#cite_ref-brackman341_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrackman2001">Brackman 2001</a>, p. 341

</li>

<li id="cite_note-murray111-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-murray111_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murray111_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurrayMillett2001">Murray & Millett 2001</a>, p. 111

</li>

<li id="cite_note-berthon45-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berthon45_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berthon45_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berthon45_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berthon45_73-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerthonPotts2007">Berthon & Potts 2007</a>, p. 45

</li>

<li id="cite_note-shirer723-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shirer723_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer723_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer723_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer723_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer723_74-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer723_74-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer723_74-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer723_74-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer723_74-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer723_74-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer723_74-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 723

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<li id="cite_note-gorodetsky73-75"><a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky73_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorodetsky2001">Gorodetsky 2001</a>, p. 73

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNekrichUlamFreeze1997">Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997</a>, p. 198

</li>

<li id="cite_note-brackman342-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brackman342_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brackman342_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brackman342_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brackman342_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brackman342_77-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrackman2001">Brackman 2001</a>, p. 342

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<li id="cite_note-nekrich199-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich199_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich199_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich199_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich199_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich199_78-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFNekrichUlamFreeze1997">Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997</a>, p. 199

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<li id="cite_note-weinberg200-79"><a href="#cite_ref-weinberg200_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1995">Weinberg 1995</a>, p. 200

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<li id="cite_note-shirer724-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shirer724_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer724_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer724_80-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 724

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<li id="cite_note-nekrich200-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich200_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich200_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich200_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich200_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich200_81-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich200_81-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFNekrichUlamFreeze1997">Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997</a>, p. 200

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_Explains_His_Reasons_for_Invading_the_Soviet_Union">Adolf Hitler Explains His Reasons for Invading the Soviet Union</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-berthon47-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berthon47_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berthon47_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerthonPotts2007">Berthon & Potts 2007</a>, p. 47

</li>

<li id="cite_note-shirer726-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shirer726_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer726_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer726_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer726_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirer726_84-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, pp. 726–7

</li>

<li id="cite_note-weeks74-85"><a href="#cite_ref-weeks74_85-0">^</a> Weeks, Albert L., Stalin's Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939–1941, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7425-2192-3</bdi>, page 74–75

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<li id="cite_note-overy489-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-overy489_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-overy489_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-overy489_86-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery2004">Overy 2004</a>, p. 489

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nekrich202-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich202_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich202_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich202_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich202_87-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich202_87-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich202_87-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich202_87-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nekrich202_87-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFNekrichUlamFreeze1997">Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997</a>, p. 202

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<li id="cite_note-gorodetsky75-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky75_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky75_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky75_88-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorodetsky2001">Gorodetsky 2001</a>, pp. 75–6

</li>

<li id="cite_note-stalinswars59-89"><a href="#cite_ref-stalinswars59_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2006">Roberts 2006</a>, p. 59

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gorodetsky77-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky77_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky77_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky77_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky77_90-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorodetsky2001">Gorodetsky 2001</a>, p. 77

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<li id="cite_note-gorodetsky80-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky80_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky80_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky80_91-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorodetsky80_91-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorodetsky2001">Gorodetsky 2001</a>, pp. 80–1

</li>

<li id="cite_note-lukacs65-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lukacs65_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lukacs65_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLukacs2006">Lukacs 2006</a>, p. 65

</li>

<li id="cite_note-weinberg201-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weinberg201_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weinberg201_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1995">Weinberg 1995</a>, p. 201

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<li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Donaldson, Robert H. and Joseph L. Nogee, The Foreign Policy of Russia: Changing Systems, Enduring Interests, M.E. Sharpe, 2005, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7656-1568-1</bdi>, pages 65–66

</li>

<li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a>, <a href="The_Second_World_War_(Churchill)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Second World War (Churchill)">The Second World War</a>, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1953, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-395-41056-8</bdi>, pages 520–21

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ericson146-96"><a href="#cite_ref-ericson146_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEricson1999">Ericson 1999</a>, p. 146

</li>

<li id="cite_note-brackman344-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brackman344_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brackman344_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrackman2001">Brackman 2001</a>, p. 344

</li>

<li id="cite_note-weinberg202-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weinberg202_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weinberg202_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weinberg202_98-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1995">Weinberg 1995</a>, p. 202

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<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNekrichUlamFreeze1997">Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997</a>, p. 208

</li>

<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 1392

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<li id="cite_note-henig67-101"><a href="#cite_ref-henig67_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenig2005">Henig 2005</a>, p. 67

</li>

<li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2002">Roberts 2002</a>, p. 96

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<li id="cite_note-roberts98-103"><a href="#cite_ref-roberts98_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2002">Roberts 2002</a>, p. 98

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukacs2006160-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukacs2006160_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLukacs2006">Lukacs 2006</a>, p. 160.

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBerthonPotts2007" class="citation cs2">Berthon, Simon; Potts, Joanna (2007), Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin, Da Capo Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-306-81538-6</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBrackman2001" class="citation cs2">Brackman, Roman (2001), The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life, Frank Cass Publishers, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7146-5050-1</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFErickson2001" class="citation cs2">Erickson, John (2001), The Soviet High Command: A Military-political History, 1918–1941, Routledge, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7146-5178-8</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEricson1999" class="citation cs2">Ericson, Edward E. (1999), Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-275-96337-3</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFest2002" class="citation cs2">Fest, Joachim C. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitler00joac">Hitler</a>, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-15-602754-2</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFiges2007" class="citation cs2">Figes, Orlando (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige">The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia</a>, Macmillan, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8050-7461-1</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGrenvilleWasserstein2001" class="citation cs2">Grenville, John Ashley Soames; Wasserstein, Bernard (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/majorinternation0000gren_v2f5">The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts</a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-415-23798-X</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGorodetsky2001" class="citation cs2">Gorodetsky, Gabriel (2001), Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia, Yale University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-300-08459-5</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2000" class="citation cs2">Harrison, Mark (2000), The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison, Cambridge University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-78503-0</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHehn2005" class="citation cs2">Hehn, Paul N. (2005), A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941, Continuum International Publishing Group, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8264-1761-2</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHenig2005" class="citation cs2">Henig, Ruth Beatrice (2005), The Origins of the Second World War, 1933–41, Routledge, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-415-33262-1</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLukacs2006" class="citation cs2">Lukacs, John (2006), June 1941: Hitler and Stalin, Yale University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-300-11437-0</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMurrayMillett2001" class="citation cs2">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan (2001), A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War, Harvard University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-674-00680-1</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNekrichUlamFreeze1997" class="citation cs2">Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich; Ulam, Adam Bruno; Freeze, Gregory L. (1997), Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941, Columbia University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-231-10676-9</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOvery2004" class="citation cs2">Overy, R. J. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia</a>, W. W. Norton & Company, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-393-02030-4</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOvery1997" class="citation cs2">Overy, Richard (1997), Why the Allies Won, W. W. Norton & Company, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-393-31619-X</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPhilbin_III1994" class="citation cs2">Philbin III, Tobias R. (1994), The Lure of Neptune: German–Soviet Naval Collaboration and Ambitions, 1919–1941, University of South Carolina Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87249-992-8</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Geoffrey (2006), Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953, Yale University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-300-11204-1</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2002" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Geoffrey (2002), Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography, vol. 4</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFShirer1990" class="citation cs2">Shirer, William L. (1990), The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, Simon and Schuster, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-671-72868-7</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWegner1997" class="citation cs2">Wegner, Bernd (1997), From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941, Berghahn Books, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-57181-882-0</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1954" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNIUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA144">Germany and the Soviet Union</a>. Leiden: Brill.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1995" class="citation cs2">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995), A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, Cambridge University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-55879-4</bdi></cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">English <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:

<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Adolf_Hitler_Explains_His_Reasons_for_Invading_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw external" title="s:en:Adolf Hitler Explains His Reasons for Invading the Soviet Union">Adolf Hitler Explains His Reasons for Invading the Soviet Union</a></div></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Hitler-Molotov%20Meetings.htm">Hitler and Molotov Meetings, Berlin, November 12 and 13, 1940, Official Transcripts</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histdoc.net/history/NaSo1940-11-12.html">Memorandum of the Conversation Between the Führer and the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Molotov, November 12, 1940</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histdoc.net/history/NaSo1940-11-13.html">Memorandum of the Conversation Between the Führer and the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Molotov, November 13, 1940</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Nazi_German–Soviet_relations_before_1941205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations%2C_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Nazi German–Soviet relations before 1941</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prior antagonism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations%2C_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Relations before 1941</a></li>

<li><a href="Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>

<ul><li><a href="Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact_negotiations" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations">negotiations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Boundary_and_Friendship_Treaty" title="German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty">Boundary and Friendship Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers" title="German–Soviet population transfers">Population transfers</a></li>

<li><a href="Gestapo%E2%80%93NKVD_conferences" title="Gestapo–NKVD conferences">Gestapo–NKVD conferences</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_economic_relations_(1934%E2%80%931941)" title="German–Soviet economic relations (1934–1941)">Economic relations</a></li>

<li><a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Credit_Agreement_(1939)" title="German–Soviet Credit Agreement (1939)">Commercial Agreement (1939)</a></li>

<li><a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Commercial_Agreement_(1940)" title="German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)">Commercial Agreement (1940)</a></li>

<li><a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Border_and_Commercial_Agreement" title="German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement">Border and Commercial Agreement (1941)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li>

<li><a href="Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li>

<li><a href="German_cruiser_L%C3%BCtzow_(1939)" title="German cruiser Lützow (1939)">Naval cruiser Lützow</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Basis_Nord" title="Basis Nord">Basis Nord</a></li>

<li><a href="German_auxiliary_cruiser_Komet" title="German auxiliary cruiser Komet">Komet Northern Sea Route Raid</a></li>

<li><a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_military_parade_in_Brest-Litovsk" title="German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk">German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyń massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></li>

<li><a href="Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adolf_Hitler250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adolf_Hitler250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a>

<ul><li><a href="F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Hitler's_directives" title="Adolf Hitler's directives">Political directives</a>

<li><a href="List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches</a></li>

<li><a href="Hitler's_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Prophecy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mein_Kampf_in_Arabic" title="Mein Kampf in Arabic">in Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mein_Kampf_in_English" title="Mein Kampf in English">in English</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Zweites Buch</a></li>

<li><a href="Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler">Last will and testament</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Military_career_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Military career of Adolf Hitler">Military career</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Hitler's_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Rise to power</a></li>

<li><a href="Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Hitler cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li>

<li><a href="Assassination_attempts_on_Adolf_Hitler" title="Assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler">Assassination attempts</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">Death</a>

<ul><li><a href="Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler's_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of residence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="F%C3%BChrer_Headquarters" title="Führer Headquarters">Führer Headquarters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Berghof_(residence)" title="Berghof (residence)">Berghof</a> (<a href="Kehlsteinhaus" title="Kehlsteinhaus">Kehlsteinhaus</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Reich_Chancellery#New_Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a> (<a href="F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">Führerbunker</a> / <a href="Vorbunker" title="Vorbunker">Vorbunker</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Adlerhorst" title="Adlerhorst">Adlerhorst</a></li>

<li><a href="Anlage_S%C3%BCd" title="Anlage Süd">Anlage Süd</a></li>

<li><a href="Felsennest" title="Felsennest">Felsennest</a></li>

<li><a href="F%C3%BChrerhauptquartier_Tannenberg" title="Führerhauptquartier Tannenberg">Tannenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Werwolf_(Wehrmacht_headquarters)" title="Werwolf (Wehrmacht headquarters)">Werwolf</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfsschlucht_I" title="Wolfsschlucht I">Wolfsschlucht I</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfsschlucht_II" title="Wolfsschlucht II">Wolfsschlucht II</a></li>

<li><a href="F%C3%BChrersonderzug" title="Führersonderzug">Special train (Führersonderzug)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian residences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braunau_am_Inn" title="Braunau am Inn">Braunau am Inn</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (<a href="Meldemannstra%C3%9Fe_dormitory" title="Meldemannstraße dormitory">Meldemannstraße dormitory</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (<a href="Adolf_Hitler's_Munich_apartment" title="Adolf Hitler's Munich apartment">16 Prinzregentenplatz</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Obersalzberg" title="Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a> (<a href="Kampfh%C3%A4usl" title="Kampfhäusl">Kampfhäusl</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Health_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Health of Adolf Hitler">Health</a>

<ul><li><a href="Possible_monorchism_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Possible monorchism of Adolf Hitler">possible monorchism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Hitler's_wealth_and_income" title="Adolf Hitler's wealth and income">Wealth and income</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Religious views of Adolf Hitler">Religious views</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Sexuality of Adolf Hitler">Sexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Hitler_and_vegetarianism" title="Adolf Hitler and vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Adolf_Hitler's_personal_staff" title="List of Adolf Hitler's personal staff">Staff</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Hitler's_bodyguard" title="Adolf Hitler's bodyguard">Bodyguard</a></li>

<li><a href="August_Kubizek" title="August Kubizek">August Kubizek</a></li>

<li><a href="Stefanie_Rabatsch" title="Stefanie Rabatsch">Stefanie Rabatsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Reinhold_Hanisch" title="Reinhold Hanisch">Reinhold Hanisch</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychopathography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler">Psychopathography</a></li>

<li><a href="Hitler's_Table_Talk" title="Hitler's Table Talk">Hitler's Table Talk</a></li>

<li><a href="Paintings_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="Paintings by Adolf Hitler">Paintings</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Hitler's_50th_birthday" title="Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday">50th birthday</a></li>

<li><a href="Naturalization_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Naturalization of Adolf Hitler">German naturalization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal belongings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Columbus_Globe_for_State_and_Industry_Leaders" title="Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders">Hitler's Globe</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Hitler's_private_library" title="Adolf Hitler's private library">Private library</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perceptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Hitler's_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Hitler_in_popular_culture" title="Adolf Hitler in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Killing_baby_Hitler" title="Killing baby Hitler">Killing baby Hitler</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">The Victory of Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li>

<li><a href="Hitler%3A_The_Last_Ten_Days" title="Hitler: The Last Ten Days">Hitler: The Last Ten Days</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Meaning_of_Hitler" title="The Meaning of Hitler">The Meaning of Hitler</a></li>

<li><a href="Hitler_Diaries" title="Hitler Diaries">Hitler Diaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Moloch_(1999_film)" title="Moloch (1999 film)">Moloch</a></li>

<li><a href="Hitler%3A_The_Rise_of_Evil" title="Hitler: The Rise of Evil">Hitler: The Rise of Evil</a></li>

<li><a href="Downfall_(2004_film)" title="Downfall (2004 film)">Downfall</a></li>

<li><a href="Shigeru_Mizuki's_Hitler" title="Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler">Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalypse%3A_Hitler" title="Apocalypse: Hitler">Apocalypse: Hitler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hitler_family" title="Hitler family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun">Eva Braun</a> (wife)</li>

<li><a href="Alois_Hitler" title="Alois Hitler">Alois Hitler</a> (father)</li>

<li><a href="Klara_Hitler" title="Klara Hitler">Klara Hitler</a> (mother)</li>

<li><a href="Johann_Georg_Hiedler" title="Johann Georg Hiedler">Johann Georg Hiedler</a> (grandfather)</li>

<li><a href="Maria_Schicklgruber" title="Maria Schicklgruber">Maria Schicklgruber</a> (grandmother)</li>

<li><a href="Angela_Hitler" title="Angela Hitler">Angela Hitler</a> (half-sister)</li>

<li><a href="Paula_Hitler" title="Paula Hitler">Paula Hitler</a> (sister)</li>

<li><a href="Leo_Rudolf_Raubal_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr.">Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr.</a> (half-nephew)</li>

<li><a href="Geli_Raubal" title="Geli Raubal">Geli Raubal</a> (half-niece)</li>

<li><a href="William_Stuart-Houston" title="William Stuart-Houston">William Stuart-Houston</a> (half-nephew)</li>

<li><a href="Heinz_Hitler" title="Heinz Hitler">Heinz Hitler</a> (half-nephew)</li>

<li><a href="Jean-Marie_Loret" title="Jean-Marie Loret">Jean-Marie Loret</a> (possible illegitimate son)</li>

<li><a href="Blondi" title="Blondi">Blondi</a> (dog)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_streets_named_after_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of streets named after Adolf Hitler">Streets named after Hitler</a></li>

<li><a href="Hitler_and_Mannerheim_recording" title="Hitler and Mannerheim recording">Mannerheim recording</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joseph_Stalin669" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Joseph_Stalin669" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1922–1952)</li>

<li><a href="Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union</a> (1946–1953)</li>

<li><a href="Bibliography_of_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early_life_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Early life of Joseph Stalin">Early life</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin_during_the_Russian_Revolution%2C_Civil_War_and_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War and Polish–Soviet War">Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Rule as Soviet leader</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_views_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Political views of Joseph Stalin">Political views</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Stalin's_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and state funeral</a></li>

<li><a href="Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Joseph_Stalin" title="Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin">Death toll</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)</a>/<a href="USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">(1928–1941)</a></li>

<li><a href="Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">Kolkhoz</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovkhoz" title="Sovkhoz">Sovkhoz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First five-year plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li>

<li><a href="16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th</a> / <a href="17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li>

<li><a href="1931_Menshevik_Trial" title="1931 Menshevik Trial">1931 Menshevik Trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang</a></li>

<li><a href="1937_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1937 Soviet Union legislative election">1937 legislative election</a></li>

<li><a href="18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">World War II</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>

<ul><li><a href="Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">Moscow Peace Treaty</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li>

<li><a href="Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a></li>

<li><a href="Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Alliance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance">Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="1946_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1946 Soviet Union legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">1946 Iran crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship%2C_Alliance_and_Mutual_Assistance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance">Sino-Soviet Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li>

<li><a href="1950_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1950 Soviet Union legislative election">1950 legislative election</a></li>

<li><a href="19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">Korenizatsiya</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism_in_One_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in One Country">Socialism in One Country</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Break_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Aggravation_of_class_struggle_under_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravation of class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Construction_Projects_of_Communism" title="Great Construction Projects of Communism">Great Construction Projects of Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineers_of_the_human_soul" title="Engineers of the human soul">Engineers of the human soul</a></li>

<li><a href="1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li>

<li><a href="Stakhanovite" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakhanovite">Stakhanovite</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin's_plan_for_the_transformation_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's plan for the transformation of nature">Transformation of nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Backwardness_brings_on_beatings_by_others" title="Backwardness brings on beatings by others">Backwardness brings on beatings by others</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimes, repressions, and controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1906_Bolshevik_raid_on_the_Tsarevich_Giorgi" title="1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi">1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi</a></li>

<li><a href="1907_Tiflis_bank_robbery" title="1907 Tiflis bank robbery">1907 Tiflis bank robbery</a></li>

<li><a href="National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Affair">Georgian Affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Decossackization" class="mw-redirect" title="Decossackization">Decossackization</a></li>

<li><a href="Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">Dekulakization</a></li>

<li><a href="Wittorf_affair" title="Wittorf affair">Wittorf affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Break_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li>

<li><a href="Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%9333" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–33">Soviet famine of 1932–33</a>

<ul><li><a href="Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></li>

<li><a href="Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Murder of Sergey Kirov</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vasiliy_Ulrikh" title="Vasiliy Ulrikh">Vasiliy Ulrikh</a></li>

<li><a href="NKVD_prisoner_massacres" title="NKVD prisoner massacres">NKVD prisoner massacres</a>

<ul><li><a href="NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Berezhany" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Berezhany">Berezhany</a></li>

<li><a href="Berezwecz-Taklinovo_Death_Road" title="Berezwecz-Taklinovo Death Road">Berezwecz</a></li>

<li><a href="NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Dubno" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Dubno">Dubno</a></li>

<li><a href="Evacuation_of_Chortkiv_Prison" title="Evacuation of Chortkiv Prison">Chortkiv </a></li>

<li><a href="Kurapaty" title="Kurapaty">Kurapaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Katy%C5%84_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyń massacre">Katyn</a></li>

<li><a href="NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Lutsk" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Lutsk">Lutsk</a></li>

<li><a href="Medvedev_Forest_massacre" title="Medvedev Forest massacre">Medvedev Forest</a></li>

<li><a href="NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Sambir" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Sambir">Sambir</a></li>

<li><a href="Valozhyn-Tarasovo_Death_Road" title="Valozhyn-Tarasovo Death Road">Valozhyn</a></li>

<li><a href="Vileyka-Barysaw_Death_Road" title="Vileyka-Barysaw Death Road">Vileyka</a></li>

<li><a href="Vinnytsia_massacre" title="Vinnytsia massacre">Vinnytsia</a></li>

<li><a href="NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Zolochiv" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Zolochiv">Zolochiv</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a>

<ul><li><a href="Case_of_the_Anti-Soviet_%22Bloc_of_Rightists_and_Trotskyites%22" title="Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites"">Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites"</a></li>

<li><a href="Case_of_Trotskyist_Anti-Soviet_Military_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization">Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Dewey_Commission" title="Dewey Commission">Dewey Commission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hotel_Lux" title="Hotel Lux">Hotel Lux</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Repressions in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Ideological repression in science

<ul><li><a href="Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research</a></li>

<li><a href="Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li>

<li><a href="Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a>, <a href="Slavists_case" title="Slavists case">Slavists case</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Census_(1937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1937)">1937 Soviet Census</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Purge_of_the_Red_Army_in_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Purge of the Red Army in 1941">1941 Red Army purge</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hitler_Youth_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler Youth Conspiracy">Hitler Youth Conspiracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Allegations of antisemitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a> (<a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers" title="German–Soviet population transfers">German–Soviet</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Soviet_deportations" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet deportations">Deportations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deportation_of_Chechens_and_Ingush" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of Chechens and Ingush">Operation "Lentil"</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_deportations_from_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li>

<li><a href="Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">Koreans</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_North" title="Operation North">Operation "North"</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation "Priboi"</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazino_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazino affair">Nazino affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">Forced settlement</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tax_on_trees" title="Tax on trees">Tax on trees</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_famine_of_1946%E2%80%9347" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1946–47">1946–1947 Soviet famine</a></li>

<li><a href="Leningrad_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Affair">Leningrad Affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Mingrelian_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingrelian Affair">Mingrelian Affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctors'_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_graves_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass graves in the Soviet Union">Mass graves in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Kommunarka_shooting_ground" title="Kommunarka shooting ground">Kommunarka shooting ground</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin's_shooting_lists" title="Stalin's shooting lists">Stalin's shooting lists</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="Anarchism_or_Socialism%3F" title="Anarchism or Socialism?">Anarchism or Socialism?</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Marxism_and_the_National_Question" title="Marxism and the National Question">Marxism and the National Question</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Dizzy_with_Success" title="Dizzy with Success">Dizzy with Success</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia">Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Stalin's_ten_blows" title="Stalin's ten blows">"Ten Blows" speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin's_alleged_speech_of_19_August_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's alleged speech of 19 August 1939">Alleged 19 August 1939 speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin_Note" title="Stalin Note">Stalin Note</a></li>

<li><a href="The_History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party</a></li>

<li><a href="1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin's_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's poetry">Stalin's poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_No._227" title="Order No. 227">Order No. 227</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_No._270" title="Order No. 270">Order No. 270</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Marxism_and_Problems_of_Linguistics" title="Marxism and Problems of Linguistics">Marxism and Problems of Linguistics</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Pospelov_Commission" title="Pospelov Commission">Pospelov Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">Rehabilitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Khrushchev_thaw" title="Khrushchev thaw">Khrushchev thaw</a></li>

<li><a href="On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_October" title="Polish October">Gomulka thaw (Polish October)</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist Art</a></li>

<li><a href="Shvernik_Commission" title="Shvernik Commission">Shvernik Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd Congress of the Communist Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li>

<li><a href="1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">1956 Georgian demonstrations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Criticism and opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stalin_Epigram" title="Stalin Epigram">Stalin Epigram</a></li>

<li><a href="Lenin's_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a></li>

<li><a href="Ryutin_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryutin Affair">Ryutin Affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li>

<li><a href="Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li>

<li><a href="Kremlin_Plot" title="Kremlin Plot">Kremlin Plot</a></li>

<li><a href="True_Communists" title="True Communists">True Communists</a></li>

<li><a href="Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></li>

<li><a href="Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Soviet_Story" title="The Soviet Story">The Soviet Story</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IS_tank_family" title="IS tank family">Iosif Stalin tank</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_locomotive_class_IS" title="Soviet locomotive class IS">Iosif Stalin locomotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalissimo_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Generalissimo of the Soviet Union">Generalissimo of the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_statues_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="List of statues of Joseph Stalin">Stalin statues</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantheon%2C_Moscow" title="Pantheon, Moscow">Pantheon, Moscow</a></li>

<li><a href="1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">1956 Georgian demonstrations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_awards_and_honours_bestowed_upon_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin">List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Joseph_Stalin%2C_Berlin" title="Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin">Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin_Monument_(Budapest)" title="Stalin Monument (Budapest)">Stalin Monument in Budapest</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin_Monument_(Prague)" title="Stalin Monument (Prague)">Stalin Monument in Prague</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Stalin_Museum%2C_Gori" title="Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori">Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori</a></li>

<li><a href="Batumi_Stalin_Museum" title="Batumi Stalin Museum">Batumi Stalin Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_places_named_after_Joseph_Stalin" title="List of places named after Joseph Stalin">Places named after Stalin</a></li>

<li><a href="State_Stalin_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="State Stalin Prize">State Stalin Prize</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Peace Prize">Stalin Peace Prize</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin_Society" title="Stalin Society">Stalin Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin_Bloc_%E2%80%93_For_the_USSR" title="Stalin Bloc – For the USSR">Stalin Bloc – For the USSR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apocalypse%3A_Stalin" title="Apocalypse: Stalin">Apocalypse: Stalin</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Death_of_Stalin" title="The Death of Stalin">The Death of Stalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikheil_Gelovani" title="Mikheil Gelovani">Mikheil Gelovani</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Besarion_Jughashvili" title="Besarion Jughashvili">Besarion Jughashvili</a> (father)</li>

<li><a href="Keke_Geladze" title="Keke Geladze">Keke Geladze</a> (mother)</li>

<li><a href="Kato_Svanidze" title="Kato Svanidze">Kato Svanidze</a> (first wife)</li>

<li><a href="Yakov_Dzhugashvili" title="Yakov Dzhugashvili">Yakov Dzhugashvili</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="Konstantin_Kuzakov" title="Konstantin Kuzakov">Konstantin Kuzakov</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="Artyom_Sergeyev" title="Artyom Sergeyev">Artyom Sergeyev</a> (adopted son)</li>

<li><a href="Nadezhda_Alliluyeva" title="Nadezhda Alliluyeva">Nadezhda Alliluyeva</a> (second wife)</li>

<li><a href="Vasily_Stalin" title="Vasily Stalin">Vasily Stalin</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana Alliluyeva</a> (daughter)</li>

<li><a href="Yevgeny_Dzhugashvili" title="Yevgeny Dzhugashvili">Yevgeny Dzhugashvili</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Galina_Dzhugashvili" title="Galina Dzhugashvili">Galina Dzhugashvili</a> (granddaughter)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Alliluyev" title="Joseph Alliluyev">Joseph Alliluyev</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Sergei_Alliluyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Alliluyev">Sergei Alliluyev</a> (second father-in-law)</li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Svanidze" title="Alexander Svanidze">Alexander Svanidze</a> (brother-in-law)</li>

<li><a href="Yuri_Zhdanov" title="Yuri Zhdanov">Yuri Zhdanov</a> (son-in-law)</li>

<li><a href="William_Wesley_Peters" title="William Wesley Peters">William Wesley Peters</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stalin's_residences" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's residences">Stalin's residences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stalin's_house%2C_Gori" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's house, Gori">Stalin's house, Gori</a></li>

<li><a href="Tbilisi_Theological_Seminary" title="Tbilisi Theological Seminary">Tiflis Seminary</a></li>

<li><a href="Kureika_(village)" title="Kureika (village)">Kureika</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Room at Kremlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuntsevo_Dacha" title="Kuntsevo Dacha">Kuntsevo</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin's_bunker%2C_Samara" title="Stalin's bunker, Samara">Stalin's bunker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-29" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=German%E2%80%93Soviet_Axis_talks&oldid=1303077097">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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